Securing embedded Metabase

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Securing embeds with authentication and authorization

There are two basic ways to secure stuff on the internet:

1. Authentication looks at who someone is (using standards such as JWT or SAML).
2. Authorization looks at what someone has access to (using standards such as OAuth 2.0).

Public embedding

Public embedding doesn’t involve any authentication or authorization. A public embed displays a public link with a unique string at the end, like this:

http://my-metabase.com/public/dashboard/184f819c-2c80-4b2d-80f8-26bffaae5d8b

The string (in this example: 184f819c-2c80-4b2d-80f8-26bffaae5d8b) uniquely identifies your Metabase question or dashboard. Since public embeds don’t do any authentication or authorization, anyone with the URL can view the data.

Example: filters in public links don’t secure data

So, how could someone exploit a public embed? Say we have a dashboard that displays Accounts data:

We want to add a “Status = Active” filter and display the dashboard’s public link in an embed:

To apply and hide the “Status = Active” filter, we’ll add query parameters to the end of the public link in our embed:

http://my-metabase.com/public/dashboard/184f819c-2c80-4b2d-80f8-26bffaae5d8b?status=active#hide_parameters=status

Even though we’ve hidden the filter from the embed, someone could take the public link used in the embed, and remove the query parameter ?status=active:

http://my-metabase.com/public/dashboard/184f819c-2c80-4b2d-80f8-26bffaae5d8b

Loading the public link without the query parameter would remove the “Status = Active” filter from the data. The person would get access to the original Accounts data, including the rows with inactive accounts.

Static embeds are authorized with JWT

Static embedding uses a JWT authorization flow to do two things:

• Sign resources (e.g., the URLs of charts or dashboards) to ensure that only your embedding application can ask for data from your Metabase.
• Sign parameters (e.g., dashboard filters) to prevent people from changing the filters and getting access to other data.

Static embeds don’t have user sessions

Static embeds don’t authenticate people’s identities on the Metabase side, so people can view a static embed without creating a Metabase account. However, without a Metabase account, Metabase won’t have a way to remember a user or their session, which means:

• Metabase permissions and data sandboxes won’t work — if you need to lock down sensitive data, you must set up locked parameters for each of your static embeds.
• Any filter selections in a static embed will reset once the signed JWT expires.
• All Static embed usage will show up in usage analytics under “External user”.

Static embedding security vs. interactive embedding security

Static embedding only guarantees authorized access to your Metabase data (you decide what is accessible).

If you want to secure your static embeds based on someone’s identity (you decide who gets access to what), you’ll need to set up your own authentication flow and manually wire that up to locked parameters on each of your static embeds. Note that locked parameters are essentially filters, so you can only set up row-level restrictions in a static embed.

If you want an easier way to embed different views of data for different customers (without allowing the customers to see each other’s data), learn how Interactive embedding authenticates and authorizes people in one flow.

Static embedding with JWT authorization

This diagram illustrates how an embed gets secured by a signed JWT:

1. Visitor arrives: your frontend gets a request to display a Metabase embedding URL.
2. Signed request: your backend generates a Metabase embedding URL with a signed JWT. The signed JWT should encode any query parameters you’re using to filter your data.
3. Response: your Metabase backend returns data based on the query parameters encoded in the signed JWT.
4. Success: your frontend displays the embedded Metabase page with the correct data.

Example: securing data with locked parameters on a static embed

In the public embedding example, we showed you (perhaps unwisely) how someone could exploit a unique public link by editing its query parameters.

Let’s go back to our Accounts example:

Remember, we can filter the data in a public embed by including a query parameter at the end of the embedding URL:

http://my-metabase.com/public/dashboard/184f819c-2c80-4b2d-80f8-26bffaae5d8b?status=active

With static embeds, we can “lock” the filter by encoding the query parameter in a signed JWT. For example, say we set up the “Status = Active” filter as a locked parameter. The ?status=active query parameter will be encoded in the signed JWT, so it won’t be visible or editable from the static embedding URL:

http://my-metabase.com/dashboard/your_signed_jwt

If someone tries to add an (unsigned) query parameter to the end of the static embedding URL like this:

http://my-metabase.com/dashboard/your_signed_jwt?status=inactive

Metabase will reject this unauthorized request for data, so the inactive account rows will remain hidden from the embed.

Example: sending user attributes to a locked parameter

Let’s say that we want to expose the Accounts table to our customers, so that customers can look up a row based on an Account ID.

If we want to avoid creating a Metabase login for each of our customers, we’ll need:

• An embeddable dashboard with the Accounts data.
• A locked parameter for the Account ID filter.
• A login flow in our embedding application (the web app where we want to embed Metabase).

The flow might look something like this:

1. A customer logs into our web app.
2. Our app backend looks up the customer’s account_id based on the account email used during login.
3. Our app backend uses Metabase’s secret key to generate the embedding URL with a signed JWT. The signed JWT encodes the query parameters to filter the Accounts dashboard on Account ID = account_id.
4. Metabase returns the filtered dashboard at the static embedding URL.
5. Our app frontend displays the filtered dashboard in an iframe.

For code samples, see the static embedding reference app.

Interactive embedding authenticates and authorizes people in one flow

Interactive embedding integrates with SSO (JWT or SAML) to authenticate and authorize people in one flow. The auth integration makes it easy to map user attributes (such as a person’s role or department) to granular levels of data access, including:

• Tables
• Rows
• Columns
• Other data permissions, such as data download permissions or SQL access.

Interactive embedding with SSO

This diagram shows you how a interactive embed gets secured with SSO:

1. Visitor arrives: your frontend gets a request to display all content, including a Metabase component (such as a React component).
2. Load embed: your frontend component loads the Metabase frontend using your embedding URL.
3. Check session: to display data at the embedding URL, your Metabase backend checks for a valid session (a logged-in visitor).
4. If there’s no valid session:
   • Redirect to SSO: your Metabase frontend redirects the visitor to your SSO login page.
   • SSO auth: your SSO flow authenticates the visitor and generates a session based on their identity. The session info should encode user attributes such as group membership and data sandboxing permissions.
   • Redirect to Metabase: your SSO flow redirects the visitor to your Metabase frontend with the session info.
5. Request: your Metabase frontend sends the request for data to the Metabase backend, along with the session info.
6. Response: your Metabase backend returns data based on the user attributes encoded in the session info.
7. Success: your frontend component displays the embedded Metabase page with the correct data for the logged-in visitor.

The mechanics of step 4 will vary a bit depending on whether you use JWT or SAML for SSO.

Example: securing data with SSO and data sandboxing

In our static embedding example, we used locked parameters to display secure filtered views of the Accounts table.

The nice thing about interactive embedding and SSO integration is that we don’t have to manually manage locked parameters for each embed. Instead, we can map user attributes from our identity provider (IdP) to permissions and data sandboxes in Metabase. People can get authenticated and authorized to self-serve specific subsets of data from their very first login.

Let’s expand on our Accounts example to include a Tenant ID. The Tenant ID represents the parent org for a group of customers:

We still want to expose the Accounts table to our customers, but with a few extra requirements:

• Individual customers can only view the data for their own Account ID.
• Tenants can view all of their child accounts (but not the data of other tenants).

To set up these multi-tenant permissions, we’ll need to:

1. Create an primary_id attribute in our IdP to uniquely identify all tenants and customers.
2. Create a user attribute in our IdP called role and set that to tenant or customer for each person who will be using Metabase.
3. Create two groups in Metabase: Tenants and Customers.
4. Synchronize group membership between Metabase and our IdP so that:
   • People with role=tenant are assigned to the Tenant group.
   • People with role=customer are assigned to the Customers group.
5. Set up a sandboxed view of the Accounts table for each group:
   • For the Customers group, the Accounts table will be sandboxed (filtered) to Account ID = primary_id.
   • For the Tenants group,, the Accounts table will be sandboxed to Tenant ID = primary_id.

When Tenant A logs in with SSO for the first time:

• Metabase will create an account for them.
• Our IdP will send the role=tenant and primary_id=999 attributes to Metabase.
• Metabase will automatically assign Tenant A to the Tenant group.
• Tenant A will get the Tenant group’s permissions (including data sandboxes).
• Tenant A will see a sandboxed view of the Accounts table everywhere in Metabase:

When Customer 1 logs in, they’ll see a different filtered version of the Accounts table based on their role and primary_id attributes:

Sample apps

• Interactive embedding demo
• Interactive embedding reference app
• Static embedding reference app

Further reading

• Configuring permissions for different customer schemas
• Why interactive embedding?
• The five stages of embedding grief